For the U.S. Army, owner and operator of the world's largest fleet of ground vehicles, the pursuit of energy efficiency programs that strengthen the military while meeting environmental challenges is highly important.
Outside of reducing reliance on fossil fuels, energy efficiency reduces the risk of insurgent attacks in Soldiers during refueling convoys, as a mere 1 percent increase in fuel efficiency means 6,444 fewer Soldier trips in convoys.
The challenge in reducing vehicle fuel consumption is that few solutions exist that do not involve expensive retrofitting. Fuel-reducing technologies, such as light weighting or improved aerodynamics, are not always viable options, because they could compromise the lethality or the safety of Soldiers occupying the vehicles. To support Army goals, the U.S. Army Tank Automotive Research, Development and Engineering Center (TARDEC) has been investing in energy efficient technology for more than two decades.
ADVANCED COMBAT ENGINE
TARDEC is working to develop and demonstrate leap-ahead engine technology to meet the mobility and electrical power generation needs of future combat and tactical military vehicles in the 30-70 ton range. The prototype Advanced Combat Engine (ACE) will be a 4-cylinder, opposed-piston engine rated at 1,000 horsepower with 15 percent greater fuel economy and a lower thermal burden compared to commercially available engines of similar power and torque levels.
"The results of the ACE engine utilizing an opposed-piston design architecture will provide significant improvement in thermodynamic efficiency over commercial-off-the-shelf engines while increasing power density, improving vehicle mobility, and reducing fuel consumption and thermal burden," said John Tasdemir, TARDEC powertrain team leader.
Commercial engine manufacturers have no real incentives to develop and produce high-power density, low-heat rejection engine concepts in the 750 to 1,500 horsepower range for military use, Tasdemir said. This is primarily due to projected low-production volumes and lack of technology insertion into their high-volume emission-compliant engine product lines.
"The ACE project will advance the state-of-the art in engine technology and provide the building blocks necessary for creation of a scalable engine family to meet power and mobility needs across the future combat fleet," he said.
JOINT OPERATIONAL ENERGY INITIATIVE
Numerous Army initiatives seek improvements for operational energy, including the Joint Operational Energy Initiative (JOEI) sponsored by TARDEC and Program Executive Office Combat Support and Combat Service Support.
"The objective of JOEI is to develop, demonstrate and document a modeling and simulation toolset and methodology to analyze operational energy using an integrated, system-of-systems engineering approach that enables comprehensive energy decision-making throughout the materiel development process," said Brian Ernst, TARDEC operational energy lead.
JOEI models energy consumption and generation across the battlefield area of operations. The program uses a modeling and simulation tool developed by the Department of Energy's Sandia National Laboratories called System-of-Systems Analysis Toolset (SoSAT). Using SoSAT, TARDEC developed a capability to assess impacts of technologies in a multilevel virtual scenario.
"The JOEI team goal is to develop a library of scenarios and models made up of maneuver forces, logistics support and contingency bases, and to assess second- and third-order impacts to energy efficiency, operational effectiveness, operational adaptability and Soldier impacts," said Rachel Agusti, TARDEC lead system engineer.
In Fiscal Year 2016, the JOEI team acquired the Fully Burdened Cost Tool (FBCT), a new analysis tool to estimate the fully burdened costs and benefits of energy and water in an operational scenario.
"With the addition of the FBCT, the JOEI team can provide quantitative evidence to evaluate materiel and non-materiel solutions, inform trade studies, conduct cost-benefit analysis, inform current and future doctrine, and inform science, technology and current operations," Agusti said.
TACTICAL VEHICLE ELECTRIFICATION KIT
During the next year, TARDEC engineers will be working on improving fuel economy for the current tactical ground vehicle fleet. An affordable, truck-auxiliary system electrification kit will integrate on one or more existing tactical wheeled vehicle platforms. The goal is to significantly improve vehicle operational energy, range and future electrical warfighting system growth potential.
"Our Tactical Vehicle Electrification Kit (TVEK) program has the potential to create a 15 to 25 percent reduction in fuel usage, improve vehicle mobility performance, enhance silent watch capability, provide a shore-power connection for export power capability, and possess the future electrical capability to support large electrical loads," said Phat Truong, TARDEC project lead.
TARDEC engineers plan to demonstrate the kit on an Oshkosh Defense-built Army Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical Truck and the Marines' Logistics Vehicle System Replacement. Components may include: an integrated starter generator (ISG), ISG controller, LI-Ion 6T batteries, electrified teering, electrified HVAC, electrified engine cooling, electrified pumps, electrified air brake compressors, solid state low voltage supply (DCDC Converter), and a shore-power connection.
"The intent of the program is to develop capabilities for the warfighters, while the electrification kit must also be lightweight, robust, compact and affordable," said Dean McGrew, TARDEC advanced propulsion team leader.
The TVEK project will focus on improving the current heavy tactical vehicle fleet's effectiveness and efficiency through intelligent start-stop strategy, auxiliary system electrification and smart system controls, Truong said.
TVEK will demonstrate 15 to 25 percent fuel use reduction by the end of FY19. The project will also show capability to support future electrical needs for jamming, communications, e-weapons and e-armor.
SINGLE COMMON POWERTRAIN LUBRICANT
Replacing standard lubricants with alternative lubricants that reduce fuel consumption is one practical and relatively inexpensive way to improve fleet fuel efficiency. In order to reduce the fuel consumption of its vehicle fleet and lessen its maintenance burden, TARDEC's Fuels and Lubricants Technology team developed a new full synthetic, all-season, fuel-efficient, heavy-duty engine oil called the Single Common Powertrain Lubricant (SCPL).
"The initial feasibility was established through successful engine dynamometer testing of MIL-PRF-46167 arctic engine oil under high-temperature desert-like conditions in three high-density military engines," said Allen Comfort, TARDEC engineer.
SCPL candidates underwent field evaluations at three separate geographic locations that represent hot, moderate and arctic climatic conditions -- Fort Bliss, Texas; Fort Benning, Georgia; and Fort Wainwright, Alaska. Various tactical and combat vehicles were involved in the evaluation, which included engines from several original equipment manufacturers.
FUEL EFFICIENT GEAR OIL
TARDEC is also developing a new axle differential gear oil called the Fuel Efficient Gear Oil (FEGO). The project consolidates the current three grades of gear oil (80W-90, 75W-90 and 85W-140) into a single oil. FEGO will be an all-season gear oil capable of doubling oil drain intervals and improving fuel efficiency.
FEGO, which is expected to be available in the field by late 2020, will be compatible with limited-slip differential systems. These differentials are used in the Stryker Combat Vehicles, for example.
"Unlike conventional open differentials, limited-slip differentials ensure vehicles can move even if one side of the vehicle is on a low-friction surface such as ice," said Joshua Peterson, TARDEC deputy associate director.
"Limited-slip differentials often employ a clutch system, which requires special friction modifiers to ensure the clutch plates operate smoothly during normal turning maneuvers without causing destructive vibration or shudder."
New requirements for the FEGO, including better fuel efficiency, longer drain intervals, and limited-slip capability will be integrated into the commercial gear oil standard, Peterson said.
"Full vehicle testing showed that the combined use of SCPL in the engine and transmission and FEGO in the differentials resulted in a 6.1 percent and 7.8 percent fuel consumption improvement, respectively, over baseline lubricants, in a highway and a stop-and-go cycle," Peterson said. "Such results, applied over a large variety of military combat and tactical equipment, represent significant fuel savings and reduction in logistical burden."
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